Histon Encyclopedia
Luxembourg
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Luxembourg was founded in 963.  In 1815 Luxembourg became a Grand Dutchy and an independent state under the Netherlands.  Luxembourg lost more than half of its land to Belgium in 1839, but gained a larger measure of autonomy in return.  Luxembourg achieved full independence in 1967.  Luxembourg was overrun by Germany in both World Wars, and in 1948 Luxembourg ended its neutrality in 1948 (which is when Luxembourg entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year.  In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community, better known today has the European Union.  In 1999 Luxembourg joined the Euro currency world.
 
Luxembourg is located in Western Europe, between France and Germany.  Luxembourg is 2,586 square kilometers of land, with no permanent (large) bodies of surface water.  In a size comparison, Luxembourg is slightly smaller than Rhode Island.  There is a total of 359 kilometers around Luxembourg's borders (Luxembourg borders Belgium [148 kilometers], France [73 kilometers], and Germany [138 kilometers]).  There is zero miles of coastline, for Luxembourg is landlocked.
 
Luxembourg's climate is modified continental with mild winters, and cool summers. The terrain of Luxembourg is mostly gentle rollin uplands with many broad, shallow valleys.  In the north the uplands become slightly mountainousm, and the steep slope, known as the Moselle flood plain, is in the southeast.  The lowest point in Luxembourgis the Moselle River at 133 meters.  The highest point in Luxembourg is the Buurgplaatz 559 meters above sea level.
 
The natural resources of Luxembourg are iron ore (which is no longer exploited) and arable land.  25% of Luxembourg's land is arable, and another 75% (which includes Belgium) for other land use.   Forty square kilometers of land is irragated.  The current environmental issues are air and water pollution in urban areas, and soil pollution of farmland.
 
Luxembourg is part of the following Environmental-international agreements:  Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, and Wetlands.  On a geography note, Luxembourg is the only Grand Duchy left in the world!
 
The population of Luxembourg is 454,157 (a July 2003 estiamte).  The people of Luxembourg are known as Luxembourger(s), or has an adjective-Luxembourg.  Luxembourg is a Celtic base (with a French and German bleng), Portuguese, Italian, Slave (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kososvo), and European (guest and resident workers).  The religions of Luxembourg are 87% of Roman Catholic, 13% Protestant, Jews, and muslims (in 2000).  Luxembourg's official language is Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), and French (another administrative language).
 
The conventional long form of Luxembourg is the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.  The conventional short form of Luxembourg is Luxembourg.  The local short form of Luxembourg.  The local long form of Luxembourg is Grand Duche de Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy.  The capital of Luxembourg is Luxembourg.  There is three administrative divisions in Luxembourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher, and Luxembourg.  In 1839 Luxembourg achieved its independence from the Netherlands.  Luxembourg's national holiday is National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) on June 23rd.  The constitution of Luxembourg was passed on October 17, 1868.  There are occasional revisions.
 
Luxembourg's legal system is based on the civil law system, it accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction.  The economy of This stable, high-income economy features solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. Growth in the financial sector, which now accounts for about 22% of GDP, has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Most banks are foreign-owned and have extensive foreign dealings. Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms. The economy depends on foreign and trans-border workers for more than 30% of its labor force. Although Luxembourg, like all EU members, has suffered from the global economic slump, the country has maintained a fairly strong growth rate and enjoys an extraordinarily high standard of living.  is a stable high-income economy which has solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment.  Steel dominates the industrial sector of This stable, high-income economy features solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. Growth in the financial sector, which now accounts for about 22% of GDP, has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Most banks are foreign-owned and have extensive foreign dealings. Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms. The economy depends on foreign and trans-border workers for more than 30% of its labor force. Although Luxembourg, like all EU members, has suffered from the global economic slump, the country has maintained a fairly strong growth rate and enjoys an extraordinarily high standard of living. Even though This stable, high-income economy features solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. Growth in the financial sector, which now accounts for about 22% of GDP, has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Most banks are foreign-owned and have extensive foreign dealings. Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms. The economy depends on foreign and trans-border workers for more than 30% of its labor force. Although Luxembourg, like all EU members, has suffered from the global economic slump, the country has maintained a fairly strong growth rate and enjoys an extraordinarily high standard of living.  Luxembourg, along with the other EU countries, has experienced a recent economic slump, but it still has high economic growth.
 
There is a total of 274 kilometers in Luxembourg.  There is a total of 5,189 kilometers of paved highways.  This include 114 kilometers of expressways.  There is a total of thirty-seven kilometers of waterways (on the Moselle).  There is a total of 155 kilometers of gas pipelines in Luxembourg.  There is one port called Mertert in Luxembourg.  There are a total of two airports in Luxembourg, one is paved, the other is unpaved.  There is one heliport in Luxembourg.  The military branches of Luxembourg are the Army and Grand Ducal Police.  To join the army you must be of 19 years of age. People fit for military service are males age 15-49. There are no international disputes involving Luxembourg.

Written by Alex K.